Dissertations/theses, digital books, artworks, blogs, broadcasts in Harvard style
Encyclopedia, film, government documents, and interviews in Harvard style
Music and recordings in Harvard style
Press release in Harvard style
The Harvard Citation Style is used by university students in natural and social science papers. Both APA and MLA’s parenthetical referencing (author, date and author, page) evolved from the Harvard system, which was developed by zoologist and Harvard University professor Edward Laurens Mark, setting the precedent for the use of parenthetical citations. Eventually, the American Psychological Association started to develop the standard APA citation style. After this, literary and language scholars also began to craft MLA, thus marking APA and MLA's breaking free from their Harvard style roots. As
MLA
started to become a much simpler style, Harvard remained and still remains a distinct and widely used citation style. It, however, still shares many qualities with APA and MLA.
The Harvard style cover page
The Harvard citation style has its own distinct cover page. While some professors understandably regard the Harvard cover page to be unnecessary in shorter papers, it does not necessarily mean that learning how to create a Harvard style cover page is optional. If a cover page is needed, be guided by the following templates:
Step 1. Notice the differences between Harvard and APA
, as highlighted in the figure below:
Step 2. Pay attention to the character limit of the running head when creating your Harvard style cover page:
Step 3
. The running head, along with adhering to a 50-character limit, should be in standard capitalization, just like in the student's last name in MLA format:
Step 4.
After you have made the necessary adjustments, your Harvard style cover page should look be along the lines of this:
We hope you were able to follow step-by-step. If not, simply follow from the top. Again, it is important to remember that the similarities with APA and MLA stop at the little details (running head, capitalization). The Harvard cover page is its own unique academic citation style.
Harvard In-text citations
In the Harvard academic style, an in-text citation requires that the author’s last name and publication year be injected in the text at a proper point.
If you happen to be paraphrasing the work of another author, remember to include the authors’ names, publication year, and page number, if it is a specific section.
If the names of the authors are part of the sentence, there is no need to insert them in the parentheses. Otherwise, include the name and publication year in the parentheses, without punctuation. Thoroughly inspect and understand this example for Harvard in-text citation and variations.
Example:
For other variations:
Harvard style referencing
Here are the characteristics of a Harvard reference list:
Quite similar to APA, “REFERENCE LIST” is the title of the Harvard reference list. REFERENCE LIST should be typed flush left, right along the margin.
The Harvard reference list is located on a separate page at the end of the document.
The Harvard reference list is different from a bibliography because it only lists the sources referenced in the paper. Bibliography includes even the items used in preparation for the assignment. It would be best to
check with your professor.
Like APA, every entry starts to flush left, aligned with the margin. Unlike APA, however, the succeeding lines follow the same format – aligned with the margin.
In the Harvard reference list, each entry should be in single-space and observe double-space between entries. However, this will ultimately depend on the instruction of your professor.
The author’s last name comes first, then the first initial of the first name.
Harvard reference list example
Pay close attention to its similarities with the APA reference page. The nuances are slight, but a keen eye should be able to discern the differences.
Here are examples of how to cite sources in Harvard style, depending on the type of document that needs to be cited. You will notice that some formatting styles are the same as those of APA. Harvard covers both traditional and non-traditional sources:
Books in Harvard style
Pay attention to the adjustments that will have to be made with respect to the number of authors:
Articles in Harvard style
Articles in recent years have gone in various online forms, on top of traditional print. It is imperative to master maneuvering the Harvard styles among the different article forms:
Dissertations/theses, digital books, artworks, blogs, broadcasts in Harvard style
Still hailed as traditional sources in the "neo" sense, the example illustrates how to reference them in Harvard style:
Encyclopedia, film, government documents, and interviews in Harvard style
Although not commonly used compared to other more "traditional sources," if the need arises, referencing encyclopedia, movies, interviews, and government documents in Harvard style will be easy:
Music and recordings in Harvard style
Should the need to reference songs and music in Harvard style, please use this as a guide:
Press release in Harvard style
The likelihood of you needing to use a press release for your paper is quite remote. Still, we cannot take any chances. Use this to help yourself in referencing a press release:
